Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:
* Born at altitudes less than 2,100 m (\~7,000 feet)
* Physically active based on assessment of physical activity history (2-4 days per week aerobic and/or resistance exercise)
* Body weight ≥ 110 lbs.
* Body mass index (BMI) between 18.5-29.9 kg/m2
* Females must be on contraception (e.g., oral birth control, NuvaRing®, Depo Provera®, etc.)
* Have supervisor approval (permanent party military)
* Not taking any medications and/or willing to refrain from all medication use 4 wk prior to and throughout the entire study period, unless provided/approved by the US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM) Office of Medical Support and Oversight (OMSO) or medical oversight at Pikes Peak, Colorado organized through OMSO.
* Willing to refrain from alcohol, smoking any nicotine product (includes e-cigarettes), electronic cigarettes, chewing tobacco, caffeine, and dietary supplement use throughout the entire study period
* Willing to travel to USARIEM's Altitude Laboratory at Pikes Peak and live there for 22 consecutive days
* Refrain from taking any nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; e.g. aspirin, Advil®, Aleve®, Naprosyn®, or any aspirin-containing product) for 10 days before and at least 5 days AFTER each muscle biopsy. (\*Tylenol® or acetaminophen is ok to use if needed for discomfort)
Exclusion Criteria:
* Born at altitudes greater than 2,100 m (\~7,000 feet)
* Living in areas that are more than 1,200 m (\~4,000 feet), or have traveled to areas that are more than 1,200 m for five days or more within the last 2 mo
* Musculoskeletal injuries that compromise exercise capability
* Metabolic or cardiovascular abnormalities, gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., kidney disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, etc.)
* Disease or medication that affects macronutrient metabolism and/or the ability to participate in strenuous exercise
* Evidence of apnea or other sleeping disorders
* Evidence of prior high altitude pulmonary edema or high altitude cerebral edema diagnosis
* Allergies or intolerance to foods (including but not limited to lactose intolerance/milk allergy), vegetarian practices, or medications (including, but not limited to, lidocaine or phenylalanine) to be utilized in the study
* History of complications with lidocaine
* Taking medications that interfere with oxygen delivery and transport (Includes sedatives, sleeping aids, tranquilizers and/or any medication that depresses ventilation, diuretics, alpha and beta blockers)
* Evidence of any physical, mental, and/or medical conditions that would make the proposed studies relatively more hazardous as determined by OMSO
* Present condition of alcoholism, anabolic steroids, or other substance abuse issues
* Anemia (hematocrit \<38% for males, \<36% for females, and hemoglobin \>12.5 g/dL for all subjects) or Sickle Cell Anemia/Trait
* Abnormal prothrombin time/partial thromboplastin time (PT/PTT) test or problems with blood clotting
* Blood donation within 8 weeks of beginning the study
* Pregnancy and women not on contraceptives
* Any use of antibiotics, except topical antibiotics, within 3 months of study participation.
* Colonoscopy within 3 months of study participation
* Use of laxatives, stool softeners, or anti-diarrheal medications at least once a week.