Ignite Creation Date:
2024-05-06 @ 4:05 AM
Last Modification Date:
2024-10-26 @ 11:43 AM
Study NCT ID:
NCT02441192
Status:
COMPLETED
Last Update Posted:
2015-06-11
First Post:
2015-04-28
Brief Title:
Different Training Aerobic Resistance or Mixed Physical Programs Affect to Physiological Responses TRAINING2014
Sponsor:
University of Barcelona
Organization:
University of Barcelona
Study Overview
Official Title:
Cardiovascular and Cardiorespiratory Coupling After Different Types of Training and Detraining
Status:
COMPLETED
Status Verified Date:
2015-06
Last Known Status:
None
Delayed Posting:
No
If Stopped, Why?:
Not Stopped
Has Expanded Access:
False
If Expanded Access, NCT#:
N/A
Has Expanded Access, NCT# Status:
N/A
Acronym:
TRAINING2014
Brief Summary:
Background The cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory coupling CVCRC focusing to recognize the synergies of standard or modified physiology that promote healthy The investigators aim to study the effects of different training modalities and detraining on CVCRC
Methods 32 young males were distributed in four randomized training groups aerobic AT resistance RT aerobic plus resistance ATRT and control C They were tested before after the training 6 weeks and after the detraining 3 weeks through a graded maximal test A principal component PC analysis of the time series of selected cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory variables was performed to evaluate the CVCRC The PC1 coefficient of congruence in the 3 experimental conditions before after training and after detraining was calculated for each group
Methods 32 young males were distributed in four randomized training groups aerobic AT resistance RT aerobic plus resistance ATRT and control C They were tested before after the training 6 weeks and after the detraining 3 weeks through a graded maximal test A principal component PC analysis of the time series of selected cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory variables was performed to evaluate the CVCRC The PC1 coefficient of congruence in the 3 experimental conditions before after training and after detraining was calculated for each group
Detailed Description:
The study of the cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory coupling CVRC is a hot topic in the medical literature focused to recognize the synergies that are present in healthy physiology 7 8 Several effects as aging 9 diseases 8 or mental state interventions 10 on cardiorespiratory coupling have been investigated however although its potential interest there are no studies on the effects of training programs and detraining
Two main types of training programs aerobic- AT and resistance- RT have been widely investigated by their important and different physiological effects 11 Its combination ATRT has been recently recommended with health purposes for extensive types of population 12-14
The physiological effects of aerobic training programs has been traditionally evaluated through the cardiorespiratory reserve and the detection of maximal or threshold subsystem variables 1 As a complex adaptive system CAS the human organism acts as an indivisible and integrated whole that cannot be reduced to the sum of its subsystems functions 2 In this CAS the cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory subsystems are interdependent and interact in a dynamic and nonlinear way ie non-proportional which needs to be approached through nonlinear models 3 the study of time series and complex systems CS methodologies 4 As the CAS enter every new situation with an existing set of capabilities 5 and exchange continuously information with their environment herhis behavior is unique and unexpected at short term weeks months 6 the usual duration of common training programs
In order to study the couplings and coordination between multiple variables in CAS CS approaches propose the detection of the so-called order parameters collective or coordinative variables because they capture the order or coordination of the system 3 15 The principal component PC analysis is a common statistical technique that has been used to recognize such coordinative variables in a vast domain of biological research fields like motor control 16 brain dynamics 17 DNA replication 18 or protein folding 19 The PC analysis reduces the data dimension of highly coupled systems extracting the smallest number of components that account for most of the variation in the original multivariate data and summarize it with little loss of information PCs are extracted in decreasing order of importance so that the first PC accounts for as much of the variation as possible and each successive component accounts for a little less 20 The number of PCs reflects the dimensionality of the system being a decrease of the number of PCs indicative of a major coupling less dimensions and vice-versa The number of PCs changes when the system suffers a nonlinear change ie a qualitative or coordinative reconfiguration The PCs technique applied to kinematic variables has been successfully used to study the effects of motor learning processes 16 but has not been applied yet to study training effects on physiological variables
The aim of this research was to investigate the dimensional changes of the CVCRC before and after a period of 6 weeks of different training modalities AT RT and ATRT and 3 weeks after detraining in healthy young men
Material and Methods Participants To determine the sample size a power analysis was performed Using an effect size of d 80 alfa 05 power 1 - beta 95 with three repeated windows we estimated a sample size 32 21 Thirty-two healthy physically active males physical education students age 212 24 y height of 1771 066 cm mean body mass 710 51 kg and mean body -mass index 226 17 kgm-2 with no sport specialization but engaged in a wide range of aerobic activities at least three times a week volunteered to participate in this study After the baseline tests they were distributed in four randomized groups for the 6 weeks of training aerobic AT resistance RT aerobicresistance ATRT and control C
Procedure Participants completed a standard medical questionnaire to confirm their healthy status and signed an informed consent form All experimental procedures were approved by the local bio-ethics committee and were carried out in accordance with the ethical guidelines laid down in the Helsinki Declaration After the baseline cardiorespiratory testing and maximal strength and power tests see below they followed 3 times a week their assigned specific training program
1 AT group n 8 they pedalled 60 min at 60 of their individual maximum workload 60 Wmax This workload was increased by 5 weekly unless the participant was unable to keep the pace throughout the session Heart rate was monitored during all the sessions
2 RT group n 8 they performed twice a 30 min strength circuit14 Forty per cent of 1RM for the upper body ie squat chest press shoulder press triceps extension biceps curl pull-down upper back and 60 for the lower body quadriceps extension leg press leg curls hamstrings and calf raise were used as starting weights They allowed the participants a maximum of 12 repetitions which included a slow controlled movement 2s up and 4s down The resting period between exercises was 2 min Workloads were adjusted weekly with resistance being increased as needed typically 5 up to 10 if the participant was able to lift the weight comfortably ie more than 12 repetitions
3 ATRT group n 8 they pedalled at 60 Wmax during 30 min and performed once the strength circuit as R group
4 C group n 8 continued with their usual activities without any special training
Cardiorespiratory testing The incremental cycling test Excalibur Lode Groningen Netherlands started at 0W and the workload increased 20Wmin until exhaustion participants could not keep the prescribed cycling frequency of 70rpm during more than 5 consecutive seconds All tests were performed in a well-ventilated lab the room temperature was 23ºC and the relative humidity 48 with variations of no more than 1ºC in temperature and 10 in relative humidity During the test the subjects breathed through a valve Hans Rudolph 2700 Kansas City MO USA and respiratory gas exchange was determined using an automated open-circuit system Metasys Brainware La Valette France Oxygen and CO2 content and air flow rate were recorded breath by breath Before each trial the system was calibrated with a mixture of O2 and CO2 of known composition O2 15 CO2 5 N2 balanced Carburos Metálicos Barcelona Spain and with ambient air Hemodynamic information of participants was determined with non-invasive finger cuff technology Nexfin BMEYE Amsterdam Netherlands The Nexfin device provides continuous blood pressure BP monitoring from the resulting pulse pressure waveform and calculates systolic and diastolic blood pressure SBP and DBP Participants were connected by wrapping an inflatable cuff around the middle phalanx of the finger The finger artery pulsing is fixed to a constant volume by application of an equivalent change in pressure against the blood pressure resulting in a waveform of the pressure clamp volume method Electrocardiogram ECG was continuously monitored DMS Systems DMS-BTT wireless Bluetooth ECG transmitter and receiver software DMS Version 40 Beijing China The tests were carried out at least 3 hours after a light meal and participants were instructed not to perform any vigorous physical activity for 72 hours before testing Participants repeated this test after 6 weeks of training and after 3 weeks of detraining
Maximal strength and power testing Maximal strength and maximal power of upper and lower limbs respectively were measured Musclelab Power System Porsgruun Norway in each participant Estimated 1 RM-chest press and 1RM-squat based on submaximal loads was calculated In the chest press exercise the load started with 25 kg and continued with 35 kg 45 kg 55 kg 65 kg etc and in the squat exercise they started with 45 kg and continued with 65 kg 85 kg 105 kg etc until they could not perform 1 repetition Based on these results the maximal 1RM was registered and the forcevelocity relationship graph was plotted to determine the maximal power
All exercise tests were carried out at least 3 hours after a light meal and participants were instructed not to perform any vigorous physical activity for 72 hours before testing Participants repeated these tests after 6 weeks of training and after 3 weeks of detraining
Data analysis The following maximal values of performance and cardiorespiratory variables were registered during the tests maximal cycling workload Wmax maximal oxygen uptake VO2 max maximal expiratory ventilation per minute VE max maximal heart rate HR max maximal 1RM-squat and maximal 1RM-chest The group means in the different conditions were compared using the non-parametric Friedman
A PC analysis of the time series of the following selected cardiorespiratory variables expired fraction of O2 FeO2 expired fraction of CO2 FeCO2 ventilation VE systolic blood pressure SBP diastolic blood pressure DBP and heart rate HR was performed to obtain information about the CVCRC in each participant The median of PC1 coefficient of congruence was obtained in each group and condition before after training and detraining The null hypothesis of a constant PC congruence median over the control group and the training groups was tested through non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis Mann Whitney U matched pairs test analysis was also performed to assess statistically significant differences between each couple of different conditions Effect sizes Cohens d were computed to demonstrate the magnitude of standardized medians differences where effects reached p 05 level
Two main types of training programs aerobic- AT and resistance- RT have been widely investigated by their important and different physiological effects 11 Its combination ATRT has been recently recommended with health purposes for extensive types of population 12-14
The physiological effects of aerobic training programs has been traditionally evaluated through the cardiorespiratory reserve and the detection of maximal or threshold subsystem variables 1 As a complex adaptive system CAS the human organism acts as an indivisible and integrated whole that cannot be reduced to the sum of its subsystems functions 2 In this CAS the cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory subsystems are interdependent and interact in a dynamic and nonlinear way ie non-proportional which needs to be approached through nonlinear models 3 the study of time series and complex systems CS methodologies 4 As the CAS enter every new situation with an existing set of capabilities 5 and exchange continuously information with their environment herhis behavior is unique and unexpected at short term weeks months 6 the usual duration of common training programs
In order to study the couplings and coordination between multiple variables in CAS CS approaches propose the detection of the so-called order parameters collective or coordinative variables because they capture the order or coordination of the system 3 15 The principal component PC analysis is a common statistical technique that has been used to recognize such coordinative variables in a vast domain of biological research fields like motor control 16 brain dynamics 17 DNA replication 18 or protein folding 19 The PC analysis reduces the data dimension of highly coupled systems extracting the smallest number of components that account for most of the variation in the original multivariate data and summarize it with little loss of information PCs are extracted in decreasing order of importance so that the first PC accounts for as much of the variation as possible and each successive component accounts for a little less 20 The number of PCs reflects the dimensionality of the system being a decrease of the number of PCs indicative of a major coupling less dimensions and vice-versa The number of PCs changes when the system suffers a nonlinear change ie a qualitative or coordinative reconfiguration The PCs technique applied to kinematic variables has been successfully used to study the effects of motor learning processes 16 but has not been applied yet to study training effects on physiological variables
The aim of this research was to investigate the dimensional changes of the CVCRC before and after a period of 6 weeks of different training modalities AT RT and ATRT and 3 weeks after detraining in healthy young men
Material and Methods Participants To determine the sample size a power analysis was performed Using an effect size of d 80 alfa 05 power 1 - beta 95 with three repeated windows we estimated a sample size 32 21 Thirty-two healthy physically active males physical education students age 212 24 y height of 1771 066 cm mean body mass 710 51 kg and mean body -mass index 226 17 kgm-2 with no sport specialization but engaged in a wide range of aerobic activities at least three times a week volunteered to participate in this study After the baseline tests they were distributed in four randomized groups for the 6 weeks of training aerobic AT resistance RT aerobicresistance ATRT and control C
Procedure Participants completed a standard medical questionnaire to confirm their healthy status and signed an informed consent form All experimental procedures were approved by the local bio-ethics committee and were carried out in accordance with the ethical guidelines laid down in the Helsinki Declaration After the baseline cardiorespiratory testing and maximal strength and power tests see below they followed 3 times a week their assigned specific training program
1 AT group n 8 they pedalled 60 min at 60 of their individual maximum workload 60 Wmax This workload was increased by 5 weekly unless the participant was unable to keep the pace throughout the session Heart rate was monitored during all the sessions
2 RT group n 8 they performed twice a 30 min strength circuit14 Forty per cent of 1RM for the upper body ie squat chest press shoulder press triceps extension biceps curl pull-down upper back and 60 for the lower body quadriceps extension leg press leg curls hamstrings and calf raise were used as starting weights They allowed the participants a maximum of 12 repetitions which included a slow controlled movement 2s up and 4s down The resting period between exercises was 2 min Workloads were adjusted weekly with resistance being increased as needed typically 5 up to 10 if the participant was able to lift the weight comfortably ie more than 12 repetitions
3 ATRT group n 8 they pedalled at 60 Wmax during 30 min and performed once the strength circuit as R group
4 C group n 8 continued with their usual activities without any special training
Cardiorespiratory testing The incremental cycling test Excalibur Lode Groningen Netherlands started at 0W and the workload increased 20Wmin until exhaustion participants could not keep the prescribed cycling frequency of 70rpm during more than 5 consecutive seconds All tests were performed in a well-ventilated lab the room temperature was 23ºC and the relative humidity 48 with variations of no more than 1ºC in temperature and 10 in relative humidity During the test the subjects breathed through a valve Hans Rudolph 2700 Kansas City MO USA and respiratory gas exchange was determined using an automated open-circuit system Metasys Brainware La Valette France Oxygen and CO2 content and air flow rate were recorded breath by breath Before each trial the system was calibrated with a mixture of O2 and CO2 of known composition O2 15 CO2 5 N2 balanced Carburos Metálicos Barcelona Spain and with ambient air Hemodynamic information of participants was determined with non-invasive finger cuff technology Nexfin BMEYE Amsterdam Netherlands The Nexfin device provides continuous blood pressure BP monitoring from the resulting pulse pressure waveform and calculates systolic and diastolic blood pressure SBP and DBP Participants were connected by wrapping an inflatable cuff around the middle phalanx of the finger The finger artery pulsing is fixed to a constant volume by application of an equivalent change in pressure against the blood pressure resulting in a waveform of the pressure clamp volume method Electrocardiogram ECG was continuously monitored DMS Systems DMS-BTT wireless Bluetooth ECG transmitter and receiver software DMS Version 40 Beijing China The tests were carried out at least 3 hours after a light meal and participants were instructed not to perform any vigorous physical activity for 72 hours before testing Participants repeated this test after 6 weeks of training and after 3 weeks of detraining
Maximal strength and power testing Maximal strength and maximal power of upper and lower limbs respectively were measured Musclelab Power System Porsgruun Norway in each participant Estimated 1 RM-chest press and 1RM-squat based on submaximal loads was calculated In the chest press exercise the load started with 25 kg and continued with 35 kg 45 kg 55 kg 65 kg etc and in the squat exercise they started with 45 kg and continued with 65 kg 85 kg 105 kg etc until they could not perform 1 repetition Based on these results the maximal 1RM was registered and the forcevelocity relationship graph was plotted to determine the maximal power
All exercise tests were carried out at least 3 hours after a light meal and participants were instructed not to perform any vigorous physical activity for 72 hours before testing Participants repeated these tests after 6 weeks of training and after 3 weeks of detraining
Data analysis The following maximal values of performance and cardiorespiratory variables were registered during the tests maximal cycling workload Wmax maximal oxygen uptake VO2 max maximal expiratory ventilation per minute VE max maximal heart rate HR max maximal 1RM-squat and maximal 1RM-chest The group means in the different conditions were compared using the non-parametric Friedman
A PC analysis of the time series of the following selected cardiorespiratory variables expired fraction of O2 FeO2 expired fraction of CO2 FeCO2 ventilation VE systolic blood pressure SBP diastolic blood pressure DBP and heart rate HR was performed to obtain information about the CVCRC in each participant The median of PC1 coefficient of congruence was obtained in each group and condition before after training and detraining The null hypothesis of a constant PC congruence median over the control group and the training groups was tested through non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis Mann Whitney U matched pairs test analysis was also performed to assess statistically significant differences between each couple of different conditions Effect sizes Cohens d were computed to demonstrate the magnitude of standardized medians differences where effects reached p 05 level
Study Oversight
Has Oversight DMC:
None
Is a FDA Regulated Drug?:
None
Is a FDA Regulated Device?:
None
Is an Unapproved Device?:
None
Is a PPSD?:
None
Is a US Export?:
None
Is an FDA AA801 Violation?:
None